The history of India began with the foundation of the Indus Valley Civilisation. From its birth, India has been one of the most fascinating countries of the world. The is proven right by the excavations of Harappa, the birth place of Indus Valley Civilisation. That's one reason why its also called Harrapan Civilisation.
The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was a Bronze Age civilasation consisting mainly of Pakistan and north-western India. It was one of the earliest civilisations of the world with population well above five milion.
It was the most advanced civilisation of its time. The people spoke a well chalked out Harrapan language. Yet another reason for this was that the people lived in cities. More than 1000 cities have been identified. The cities consisted of houses, straight rouads cutting each other at right anles, and drains and other public places. The bricks were baked in the ratio of 4:2:1 which were so strong that they are still in a good condition. This shows the architectural importance of the civilisation.
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
Different communities in the civilisation used seals or stamps for its recognition. The seals were made mainly of bronze. Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable, especially in building docks.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan, made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e., in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500-9,000 years ago. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region.
The arts and crafts also flourished during this period. A number of gold, terra-cotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form. Also, these terra-cotta figurines included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified. Part bull, part zebra, with a majestic horn, it has been a source of speculation.
The civilisation was not behind even in trade and transport. Its is known to be the first civilisation to use wheeled transporation system. The trade also increased manifolds as it spread from neary by places to far away places like Egypt.
Some post-1980 studies indicate that food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. It is known that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley, and the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley.
Thus, the Indus Valley civilisation was the centre of deveelopment in many fields. Its true for current India, too. Therefore, it may not be rong to say- At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest, and trackless centurie sare filled with her striving and the grandeur of her success and her failures. Through good and ill fortune alike she has never lost sight of that quest or forgotten the ideals which gave her strength - Jawaharlal Nehru
The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was a Bronze Age civilasation consisting mainly of Pakistan and north-western India. It was one of the earliest civilisations of the world with population well above five milion.
It was the most advanced civilisation of its time. The people spoke a well chalked out Harrapan language. Yet another reason for this was that the people lived in cities. More than 1000 cities have been identified. The cities consisted of houses, straight rouads cutting each other at right anles, and drains and other public places. The bricks were baked in the ratio of 4:2:1 which were so strong that they are still in a good condition. This shows the architectural importance of the civilisation.
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass, and time. They were among the first to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. A comparison of available objects indicates large scale variation across the Indus territories. Their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704 mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age. Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of measurement for all practical purposes, including the measurement of mass as revealed by their hexahedron weights.
Different communities in the civilisation used seals or stamps for its recognition. The seals were made mainly of bronze. Harappans evolved some new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The engineering skill of the Harappans was remarkable, especially in building docks.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan, made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e., in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Mehrgarh that dates from 7,500-9,000 years ago. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region.
The arts and crafts also flourished during this period. A number of gold, terra-cotta and stone figurines of girls in dancing poses reveal the presence of some dance form. Also, these terra-cotta figurines included cows, bears, monkeys, and dogs. The animal depicted on a majority of seals at sites of the mature period has not been clearly identified. Part bull, part zebra, with a majestic horn, it has been a source of speculation.
The civilisation was not behind even in trade and transport. Its is known to be the first civilisation to use wheeled transporation system. The trade also increased manifolds as it spread from neary by places to far away places like Egypt.
Some post-1980 studies indicate that food production was largely indigenous to the Indus Valley. It is known that the people of Mehrgarh used domesticated wheats and barley, and the major cultivated cereal crop was naked six-row barley, a crop derived from two-row barley.
Thus, the Indus Valley civilisation was the centre of deveelopment in many fields. Its true for current India, too. Therefore, it may not be rong to say- At the dawn of history India started on her unending quest, and trackless centurie sare filled with her striving and the grandeur of her success and her failures. Through good and ill fortune alike she has never lost sight of that quest or forgotten the ideals which gave her strength - Jawaharlal Nehru
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